Organizational Outputs Essay Example for Free

Organizational Outputs EssayIn reviewing the article in reference to the Nadler-Tushman Congruence Model. another(prenominal) quote from the article, struck me very strongly in regards to the observed plaque The bigger the gap between the formal and informal systems within the boldness, the less good the organization is. This is from the Weisbords sestet Box Model and this aspect is quite apparent in the organization observed. A negative output is whizz of the things that should be avoided, especi in ally regarding consumers.An agreed statistic within many business marketing modules that a dissatisfied consumer will often tell more muckle than a satisfied consumer. A frustrating particular, however true. Outputs are those products which are dispensed from the organization. These can include product, as already mentioned, the delegacy consumers are treated is another factor. Outputs also include, how the organization interacts with the environment. Technically an output is any factor that the organization puts out whether through marketing, whether intentionally or unintentionally.Consumer Satisfaction There is an old saying, You cant please people all of the time. In an organization where the internal culture is to never say no. Because, we have also heard the saying, The customer is always right. An automatic difference is built between consumer and employee. Someone, is usually wrong. And if a person is doing their job as required under organizational indemnity, the possibility of pleasing all of the people all of the time becomes quite low. However, in an organization pleasing every person is a near impossibility.In fact, I believe, it was Menecke who said, I dont know the sure way to success. I do know the sure way to failure, trying to please everyone all the time. Certainly a risk every organization takes is how to tell the consumer, no, firearm keeping that person as a consumer. Somewhat of a conundrum, as no one likes to hear the wo rd no. This is where the earlier quote from Weisfords Six Box Model caught my particular attention. Faulty policy or the failure of an organization to uphold its own policy, creates extreme difficulties for personnel.In the organization observed, a policy would be set forth, such as a limit to the type or number of courses a student could take in an eight calendar week period. Personnel, following policy and even double checking policy with the Director would refuse the student as directed under policy. The stated policy would then be, exclusively undermined if the student decided to complain. In most cases, if not all, the student was allowed the exception to having policy overturned. When a situation such as this occurs on a happen basis, morale is severely weakened.Personnel are not trusted to do their jobs with integrity. As well as the fact, that when policy is regularly undermined, what then becomes the point of attempting to impose any type of policy. Worse, the employee begins to give up altogether in performing their tasks with any independence. As the result is and has been personnel are wrong and can be completely overridden. The result is an organization without compass. And ultimately, in this organizational situation, it is the consumers that are hurt the worst.Personnel become surly and reluctant to help. After all, how can personnel be perceived as being helpful when every decision, no matter how small can be overturned? The situation becomes unbearable, and any attempt at creating consumer loyalty is lost. Policy should serve as that mechanism to provide the means toward providing consumer needs. When that attempt to follow policy is constantly undermined, the result, undoubtedly is weak, powerless leadership and an unwilling personnel to follow any policy that is developed.Personnel should be one of the most enthusiastic ambassadors to the community when representing the organization. The odd thing about serving the organization in this way, is that a certain pride should be taken in the work one does. A continuous undermining of the personnels capacity to do the job one has been hired to accomplish. This type of output creates a hostile atmosphere, distrust is built and maintained through this constant turmoil between management, personnel and consumers.Summary yet one type of output has been mentioned in this report. The reason being that personnel are crucial to the way consumers and the public perceive the function ability of an organization. A dissatisfied representative or employee becomes complacent and extremely unwilling to attempt new devices for serving the consumer. Much less becoming innovative in the process. frustrative employees to the point of powerlessness, is not a recommended means toward the success of an organization.Another reason, I believe in the importance of personnel and their ability is that most organizations neglect the fact that a sound, successful organization is built on the comp etence of employees. Yet, this seems to have become the accepted methodology among many organizations, especially older organizations. A elementary principle is that personnel are the most valuable investment an organization can make. Personnel, especially those in the front line are those that have the ability to positively affect a second most important resource, consumers.

Cadbury Integrated Marketing Communication

Cadbury compound Marketing CommunicationExecutive Summaryonal company which manufactures a variety of cocoa products which argon known and sold throughout the world. This paper leave behinds an Integrated Marketing Communication plan that is aimed at promoting the forthcoming rollout of a pertly premium gloomful coffee berry by Cadbury in the Australian market. The paper commences by looking at Cadbury as a whole-its current selling strategy and situation in the global confectionary industry before narrowing down to Australia. The trade and communication plan touches on issues like the implication of launching the refreshed premium chocolate product in its Australian market, the different sizes and unique packaging together with the specific promotional strategies. The paper similarly analyzes market competitor and how to combat the already launched Rondnoir dark chocolate product by Ferreros (a competitor) in October 2009. Various marketing ingredients depart also be an alyzed and some leave behind be recommended due to their advantages in boosting the new product market position. Finally there is an implementation plan on how the new product will be distributed to the various outlets in hallow to reach the primary scrape market of middle to upper class people all over the age of 25. Cadburys competitive lay will be based heavily on its re portionation in the marketplace with current products. Its comparative taste and quality ingredients will also be a positioning advantage. The new product will be exclusively distributed through all major supermarket chains, gift stores, delicatessens, specialised coffee shop franchises and major department stores.IntroductionCadbury is the world leading confectionary company with an excellent portfolio of gum, candies, and of course chocolates. The company is reputed for creating inciters like Cadbury, Halls and Trident. The company started back in 1824 by John Cadbury, since because the company has expa nded into a multinational. Cadburys vision is to be the worlds biggest and best confectionary company. The company has over 35,000 suppliers (direct and indirect) and employs over 50,000 people globally, it is a complex organisation. The companys units focuses on commercial operations these ar in The US, Britain, Ireland, South America, Middle East and Africa, Europe, Asia and the Pacific region. The business model involves a number of category-led operations Commercial, Supply Chain management, Science and Technology, piece Resources and Corporate affairs, Strategy, legal and secretariat, Finance and IT. This particular structure is well integrate to deliver the Groups commercial objectives and global growth.Consumer analysisCadbury marketing strategies and mouldes are focused towards creation the best in performance, while keeping in touch with the regions commercial operations. The global confectionary market is large, expanding and with attractive dynamics. Cadbury is estim ated to moderate a retail value of or so $141 billion. The main category is chocolate representing more than than half of the worlds confectionary market. Globally, the confectionary market is growing at the rate of 5 per cent more than any other encase foods. Developed markets account for over 67 per cent of the global market. The most popular ranges are Cadbury Dairy Milk, Eclairs, Halls, Trident, Flake, Clorets, Dentyne, Hollywood, Crme Egg, Stimorol and Bubbaloo.Cadburys has managed to create the right range that is useable to all and for all. Cadbury is a market leader in many markets in one or two categories. In Australia, their strength is in chocolate and candy. drinking chocolate remains the most popular category with consumers seeking a particular taste in each of the markets.Cadbury Australia SWOT analysisInternal environment(S)trengthsCadbury is the largest candy store company with a market look at approximated at 10 per cent. The company also enjoys a square fina ncial position. In addition, Cadbury is competent in its manufacturing process due to a strong brand name and leadership in innovation. The companys manufacturing focus on chocolate, candy, and chewing gum has helped the company to understand unique consumer segments. The companys accomplishment strategy since 2003 when it acquired Adams has helped it to expand to new markets.(W)eaknessesCadbury solely depends on confectioneries and beverages for its revenues while some of its main competitors such as Nestle have diversified their product portfolio. This generates more profits that can be ploughed back and/or invested in RD. other competitors have even stronger supranational experience, Cadbury on the other side has majorly been strong in Europe. Cadbury must continue to enhance its presence and understanding of emerging markets in order to remain competitive.External environment(T)hreatsGlobally, environmental costs are rising especially costs of energy, packaging, cocoa, packagin g, transport and sugar. Thus the company should locate its global supply chains at low cost areas. Pressure from competitors especially branded suppliers leads to higher costs of advertising. This is manifested in terms of price wars and aggressive marketing. In addition to this, societal changes due to enlarged cases of obesty and calorie couonting have also affected the demand for Cadbury products.(O)pportunitiesThe confectionery market is well known for a high the propensity to merge or acquire, this is an opportunity for Cadbury to increase its market share through acquisitions. There are also new markets in highly populated countries such as China and India where demand for confectionary is increasing. In order to pop off in the FMCG market, cost minimization is very Copernican. Cadbury has the ability to further reduce costs through outsourcing, increasing supply chain efficiency, and prudent investment in R D. innovation is important to responding to consumer preferences. This can be achieved by the production of sugar free gums and Cadbury premium chocolate for treats and enjoyment.Industry AnalysisCadbury operates three Australian confectionery factories two are in Melbourne, one in Hobart, Tasmania, and one in Dunedin, New Zealand. The premium chocolate market is quite lucrative in Australia and Cadbury wants to lift its image from just an everyday chocolate to one that allows the consumer to spoil themselves and the ones they love. The product can also be used as gifts to impress. The primary target market is middle to upper class people over the age of 25.Competitor analysisThe new bite-sized chocolates is being introduced to counter the Rondnoir dark chocolate launched by Ferrero in 2009. Since the product is targets middle and upper class consumers who are over 25 years it will feature a variety of fillings and packaged uniquely.Integrated Marketing Communication plan (IMC)Integrated Marketing Communications is defined as, the use of differen t media carry to optimize the effectiveness of marketing communications programmes (Schultz et al., 1993). For Cadbury, brand communications is a reflection of implied values and the companys image consistently. The use of IMC has gathered popularity because of the observation that marketing communication offers the only sustainable competitive advantage of marketing organizations (Schultz et al., 1993, pp. 47). Since the organzation has various forms of communication at its disposal, any of these can be used, the end goal being to influence the behavior of targeted segment (Shimp 1997, pp. 13). As Percy et al. posited that people in general look at all marketing communications as advertising (2001 v). Increased brand marketing has made the advertising medium less important as compared to the brand personality.Indeed, marketing strategists have argued that placing a paid-for ad in a mass medium has less impact than a well integrated product placement in a high-profile sporting eve nt sponsorship deal or even a movie. Integrated advertising programmes utilize the different qualities of media in a communications blitz that is carefully designed to project consistent brand values irrespective of the communication source encountered by the consumer. The use of marketing communications (especially information technologies) has been linked with the growth of global business. Global brands are now crossing borders and are resonating with consumers of more countries. Mass media, above-the-line (ATL) advertising is regarded as a key strategic constituent of marketing communications. It is the type of communication that if used well can transform the fortunes of companies, create new brands and revolutionize the whole markets. Although most managers are still holding onto this view, there is a strong case for advertising from an integrated perspective with the recognition of the fact that brand communications leads in the practical enhancement of integrated creative i mplementations and media strategies.Market targetThe primary target market is middle to upper class people over the age of 25. Its competitive positioning will be based heavily on Cadburys reputation in the marketplace with current products.Point of differenceThe bite-sized chocolates will feature a variety of fillings and boxed uniquely. It will be upmarket from Cadburys current Milk Tray boxed chocolate range.Positioning StrategyThe entire positioning strategy can be summarized as followsThe lovers of chocolate are now able to enjoy a premium taste that has been carefully designed to give the highest level of enjoyment that no other chocolate has ever reached. This is not just chocolate, it is an instant message to lovers with a sweet I love you on their tongue.Communication ObjectivesProduct awareness To achieve a minimum 25% trial rate within the aggregate target market within the initiatory 12 months of the launch.Interest To achieve a re-purchase cycle of not less than one m onth among a minimum of 50% of those who have trialled the product.Market keenness Achieve an average 1% market share of the category segment nationally within the first 12 months of launch.Evaluation Out of the 40% of consumers who are interested in the new premium dark chocolate, a survey questionnaire is prepared for them to compare it to Ferreros Rondnoir dark chocolate.Trial After evaluating the new premium dark chocolate, consumers should select it over other premium chocolates at least 20% of the time because of the unique packaging.Adoption the new premium dark chocolate should have an adoption of 75%, which will mean the consumer will buy the premium chocolate and will have given a positive feedback.Communication fluff elementsCadburys introduction of the new dark chocolate will involve the use of both push and pull promotional strategies in order to create and increase brand awareness. This is because the new premium chocolate is at the introductory stage of the product life cycle. Along the same line, it is believed that if we can package our products so as to be something like a gift can lead to a better market position of our new premium dark chocolate.The distribution channels will include supermarket chains, gift stores, and delicatessens as well as specialized coffee shop franchises and or not limited to major departmental stores.The feedback shew from the large consumer market should be tested and the research elements applied to other point of contact like the letterhead, logistics, packaging and several others in order to sub the integrated marketing communication cycle. The IMC involves integrating all promotional tools in order to achieve harmony. They all should speak together with one voice.The direct mail, gross revenue and advertising departments within the company can help each other via data integration. To achieve this, a marketing information system should be put up in place to collect and share data that is relevant across the different company departments (Axis, 2009).AdvertisingIt is important to note that this campaign whitethorn need bulk of marketing money on creation and creation of adverts and may necessitate a large budgetary allocation for this campaign.In order to reach clients during the campaign, considerations are to be given to both the online and offline campaigns and more is to be allocated to the offline marketing. TV and Radio adverts are to be structured to give an impression of satisfaction to the consumer and should give them a very good reason to leave their current brands and consider taking a ride on the new premium chocolate made by Cadbury (Global, 2004)ReferencesGeneral managerial texts on advertising and promotionPickton, D. and Broderick, A. (2003) Integrated MarketingCommunications. London Pitman Publishing.Shimp, T.A. (1997) Advertising, Promotion and Integrated Aspects ofMarketing Communications. Florida and Texas Dryden Press.managerial introductions to advertisingJones, J.P. (1999) The Advertising Business. New York Sage.Wilmshurst, J. and Mackay, A. (1999) The Fundamentals ofAdvertising. Oxford Butterworth Heinemann, ISBA.Cultural and historical studies on advertisingMcFall, L. (2004) Advertising A Cultural Economy. London Sage.Nava, M., Blake, A., MacRury, I. and Richards, B. (eds) Buy ThisBook. London Routledge.Studies of wasting diseaseMcCracken, G. (1990) Culture and Consumption New Approaches tothe Symbolic Character of Consumer Goods and Activities.Bloomington, IN Indiana University Press.Szmigin, I. (2003) Understanding The Consumer. London Sage.Studies of marketing and significationBarthes, R. (2000) Mythologies (Translation Jonathan Cape, 1972).London Vintage.Umiker-Sebeok, J. (ed.) (1997) Marketing and Semiotics. Amsterdammouton de Gruyter.Jobber, (2006), Principles and Practices of Marketing, 3rd Edition

Why Religion Is Important To A Society Philosophy Essay

Why Religion Is of the essence(predicate) To A Society Philosophy EssayOur moral convictions precede us as we find ourselves lamenting a loss or potential loss of something classic. How we define what is and is not important is solely dependent upon how choose to grant entities significances and worldikin out related societal detriments said entities may pose. We deliver widespread traditions to uphold, which is the consensus throughout all of civilization. Though, the reach and continuity of the upholding ashes considerably controersial.The religious-those who have willfully been indoctrinated, mostly-stand as major proponents of the aforementioned conundrum. They bring an matched sense of ambiguity to the table in regards to what we reserve strictly for a sentimental purpose over scientific purpose. A massive case in which this is highly evident is of the Ken bare-assick Man. The Kennewick man dispute raised a bunch of issues regarding how trusts have government and scienc e hogtied to a remarkably unavoidable pillar of contempt. It is a case in which the validity of scientific endeavor is challenged by the sacredness of religious conviction, and as a result of that turmoil, politics were compromised.-The Back StoryWhat is important approximately the Kennewick Man situation is that among the most obvious problems regarding science and politics is the problem of ranking religious immensity in a society. Surely, we can see that trust plays a big role in terms of freedom, but the reason for that is unclear. However, we can draw a physical body of shoe relieve oneselfrs lasts in this regard which may rid some of the confusion involved.The Kennewick Man issue stems from the findings of the skeleton of a buried body dubbed the Ancient One on July 1996 below the surface of Lake Washington by two men. The remains instantly sparked controversy. It so happened that the skeleton was regarded as religiously bound in some way, which make it largely a religiou s issue. There were claims made by Indian tribes, local officials, and some members of the scientific community regarding ownership of the skeleton because of the controversy.As a result of the attention, in March of 1998, the department of Interior and content Park Service agreed to assist the COE in resolving some of the issues related to the national case (NPS, 2004) that was filed in accordance with the domestic American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGRA). The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were the owners of the land in which the remains of the Kennewick Man were found, so they were responsible for the findings. Therefore, they were targeted by those pushing for the bodys protection using the NAGRA.Naturally, there was a need for investigation, so scientists got involved and conducted interrogation on the remains. For this operation, the Department of the Interior and National Park Service and the Corps of Engineers collaborated. Roughly eighteen highly referenced scholars and scientists conducted a variety of historical and scientific examinations, analyses, and studies. (NPS, 2004) This took place between 1998 and 2004 as the lawful minutes picked up in depth. fit in to the National Park Service (NPS), the Kennewick skeleton was physically examined, measured, and recorded using current and standard scientific methods and techniques. Sediments adhering to the castanets and trapped within the bone cavities were described and analyzed for similarity with the soil sediments in the vicinity of the discovery of the skeletal remains. The stone projectile point plant in the skeletons pelvis was described and analyzed. These findings were relevant to understanding the telephone lines of the skeleton because they shed a near-full-on light of the reason the skeleton was there.Accordingly, the bones were sampled in order to stand the ancient date for the remains, according to the report from the NPS. The report claimed that research had yielded five major scientific reports as a result of the separate experiments and tests performed by the researchers. These trading operations had been drastically exaggerated by the media during the time of the legal issues amid the controversy, with ignorance towards the actual reason for the scientific investigation. Essentially, the media missed the fact that the research had to be conducted because the origin of the man was up for dispute, which was a large piece of the legal issues following its discovery.It turned out that the remains were 9,300 years old, according to the research, which still rolls on into the late 2012. According to anthropologist Douglas Owsley, the conclusion of the age of the remains is important in the quest to understand where the now-famous Paleoamerican came from and who his descendants might be. In October of 2011, Owsley felt that it was extremely important to have a opposition with the Native American tribes of the area regarding the remains and the r esearch regarding the remains because, according to him, the Columbia Basin, where the remains were found, its their homeland territory, and they feel deep connections and roots. He felt it of vital important that he have a face-to-face meeting and give them an overview as to what the scientific evidence was telling us. (Murphy, 2012)-Possible Reasoning for Religious Conviction Using Evo-bio EvidenceReligious importance is no shallow issue in the case of the Kennewick man. A fact of relevance to that point is that tender-hearteds have a considerable obligation to religion due to their bio synthetic makeup. The conviction towards the Kennewick man is, therefore, unsurprising since the discovery of the remains were inevitably controversial with the revelation of its Native American roots. We find that this obligation-the religious valuation-is nescient to our neurological profiles. Particularly, we find that our brains have developed to process environments and problems within those environments with such an imagination that religion can tell apart about at any moment.In order to understand how religion plays a role in society, we first need to understand why humans find certain objects sacred. For this, we can face up at the development of the neo cortex in the brain. The neo cortex is responsible for almost all of which we process logically. As we rationalize, the neo cortex is providing the instruction manual much of the rest of the brain uses to compute one or more generalities. In the case of the Kennewick man, Native Americans extend their hand of conviction towards the remains and they and the remains combined stand as a good reason to look first how religion came about in the biological evolution of human beings.According to Robin Dunbar of the Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology at the University of Oxford, religion is adaptive. According to her, nothing as costly as religion could possibly be maladaptation or a mere by-product. Sh e explored the significance of religion by evolutionary anthropologic findings in scientific research. She found that from we have discovered about the biological significance and origin of religion, there are four functions of religion it 1) provides an explanation (provisional, however) for the complexities of the world 2) causes psychological well-being, more or less 3) triggers accessibleization and finally, 4) it enforces shape, which is actually a key indication of religion that we see vividly throughout the case of the Kennewick man.Since we have evolved to solve biological problems, part of our sophistication as organisms is structural, affable belief systems. According to Dunbar, those who are actively religious usually live longer, are more content/happier, are less stressed, suffer fewer psychological problems, and recover faster from surgery. Dunbar claimed (with evidence) that multi-level social systems are common in mammals and that when sociality involves an impli cit social contract, fitness accrues at the level of the individual, but through benefits generated by the ground. In other words, the combined conformity of each socialite equates to more efficient human beings and heightened, beneficial human instinctiveness.Dunbar, as other scientists have proposed, harped on the social brain hypothesis. According to the hypothesis, religious fantasy is attributed to brain sizes in primates. It has been reasoned that the size of the neo cortex is inversely relational to the magnitude or involvement in and of religious thought. It is also logical to conclude that the size of social groups are greatly based on the size of the neocortex. According to Dunbar, group size and many aspects of smart behavior are a function of neocortex volume. This is conspicuously evident in primate societies. This finding contributes to the fact that all primate societies are based on an implicit social contract, which is essentially cooperation.-Arguments Against Sci entific Proceedings-Arguments For Scientific ProceedingsArguments against the ownership of the Kennewick mans remains by those other than the Native American tribes are significantly touch to come by. This is mainly because the Native Americans have almost no objective base for an argument against it. Accordingly, the Native Americans had absolutely no case against those who wanted to do research on the Kennewick man because the findings regarding the specific details of the remains are ambiguous. Therefore, the Native Americans cannot argue that the remains have tribal relevance. The courts concluded this and denied the Native Americans ownership rights over the remains. From there, the scientists were free to do as much research as they felt they needed to do without the consent of the litigating group of tribesmen (Doughton, 2006).The core reason for the scientific proceedings is quite common. In essence, the research would yield a clearer look into our existence as organisms, ev en sufficing as clearing up confusions regarding terrain and even territories. According to researchers, the northernmost American and South American continents were once empty of people. Contrary to Indian religious beliefs that they have been here since the beginning of time, it is a fact that all humans, including the ancestors to mod Indians, came from Eurasia. (Jantz, 2005)The remains of the Kennewick man actually extends this fact tremendously by giving scientists and the public glimpses of the variety of people who were in North America prior to modern Indians. (Jantz, 2005) The study of the Kennewick man helps us figure out how humans spread throughout this region. The studies also show how we have adapted to changing weather conditions (in the most drastic of the sense) and regional obscenities having to do with other animals, food shortages and excess, and other elements. These discoveries have clear applications to our modern world.-How The Scientific Proceedings Are Im portant-How the Social Proceedings Are ImportantThe question of what makes something important to a society is raised with the scientific proceedings and religion-related controversy. It is probably most wise to consider economic impact religion has in a society since religion has had a history of swaying governmental politics, particularly in judicial issues. However, by merely examining that our past scientific proceedings have constructed what we now know as survival mechanisms, we can rationally conclude that anything resulting from experimentation and deep analysis plays a role in the sustenance of human life. On the other hand, the metaphysical speculation involved in religion gives way to scientific dealings, which is why issues like the Kennewick man are considerably important. If the Native Americans had not disputed the issue, such research performed on the Kennewick man may not have been done, especially within the 2-year span (1998) that it took to file the suit and make a federal case out of it.-ConclusionSum up the importance of Religion in SocietyRelate the Kennewick man to the sumWhat is apparent about the Kennewick man is that the remains held significant anthropological research data. Moreover, it sparked enough controversy to cause rapid development in the science world. It is that sort of ingenuity that religion causes, which makes religion one of the most important aspects of society-at least, this is the case for now, until we figure out how to spark research interest without subjective takes on reality. That said, we can rightfully institutionalize doctrines such as religions as relevant to the solutions we need in order to survive as an adapting species. Without imaginative ideas and emotional charges, we are left with brute logic, which has its constraints and is never consistently sound, as far as we have come to know as experimenters. Therefore, we owe religion the respect it deserves as a sparker of new ideas and new efforts. Witho ut it, our ideas remain unchallenged, and without challenge, we fact a stifled perspective.

Crude Drugs: Pharmacognostic Investigation

Crude Drugs Pharmacognostic InvestigationIntroductionMicroscopical examination and pharmacognostic military rating of phyto drug may not appargonntly bear any direct co-relation with pharmacological and phytochemical substance evaluations. One should always remember that botanical identity of the phyto drug is an essential pre-requisite for undertaking the analysis of medicinal properties of any plant. If botanical identity of drug happens to be doubtful the entire phytochemical and pharmacological work on the plant becomes invalid. Thus the botanical identity of a unadulterated drug threshold in the bear upon of pharmacological investigations.Pharmacognostic EvaluationA systematic pharmacognostic study was carried out on the herbal drugs selected, to describe them more scientifically and to identify specific characteristics, if any, which will be helpful in the quality assurance and behaveardization of these plant drugs.Leaf Constants tendency of Stomatal IndexStomatal index is t he dowery which the number of stomata act to the total number of cutaneous cells, each stoma being counted as one cell. Stomatal index was be calculated by using the pastime equation.I = S X ascorbic vitriolicE+SI=Stomatal index,S=No. of stomata per unit area,E=No. of epidermal cells in the same unit area.Middle part of the leaf was cleared by boiling with chloral hydrate solution. The lower shield was peeled by means of forceps and mount on the microscope slide with glycerine water. Camera lucida and drawing board were arrange for making drawings to scale. A square of 1mm was drawn by means of stage micrometer. The slide with cleared leaf (epidermis) was placed on the stage. The epidermal cells and stomata were traced out. The number of stomata indicate in 1sq mm area was counted. (Stomatal Number). The result for each of the ten line of merchandises was enter and the bonnie number of stomata per sq.mm was calculated.The stomatal index was determined using the above fo rmula.The slides were prepared for Gynandropsis gynandra,(fig.2). The Stomatal number and Stomatal index values are wedded in Table.2.Determination of Vein-Islet NumberVein-islet is the small area of jet tissue surrounded by the veinlets. The vein-islet number is the average number of vein-islet per square millimeter of a leaf surface. It is determined by counting the number of vein-islets in an area of 4 sq.mm of the central part of the leaf between the midrib and the margin.A voice of leaf was cleaned by boiling in chloral hydrate solution for about thirty minutes and slide was prepared. Camera lucida and drawing board were arranged for making drawings to scale. Stage micrometer was arranged on the microscope and using 16 mm objective, a line was drawn equivalent to 1 mm as seen through with(predicate) the microscope. A square was constructed on this line. The patter was moved so that the square is seen in the eye hang on, in the centre of the field. The slide with the cleare d leaf epidermis was placed on the stage. The veins which are included within the square were traced off, completing the outlines of those islets which overlap adjacent sides of the square. The number of vein islets in 1sq mm was counted. (The slides were prepared for Gynandropsis gynandra,(fig.5)). The average number of vein islets in the quadsome adjoining squares gave. The Vein islet number.(Table -3)Determination of Palisade RatioPalisade ratio is the average number of palisade cells beneath one epidermal cell of a leaf. It is determined by counting the palisade cells beneath four continuous epidermal cells.A piece of the leaf was cleared by boiling in chloral hydrate solution for about thirty minutes and slide was prepared. Camera lucida and drawing board were arranged for making drawings to scale. Using 4mm objective, the outlines of four cells of the epidermis were traced off. The palisade shape was focussed and sufficient cells were traced off to cover the tracings of th e epidermal cells. The outlines of those palisade cells which are intersected by the epidermal walls, were completed. The palisade cells under the four epidermal cells were counted. The average number of cells beneath a single epidermal cell was calculated. (The slides were prepared for Gynandropsis gynandra,(fig.8). The determination was repeated for quint groups of four epidermal cells from contrary parts of the leaf. The average of the results gave the palisade ratio. (Table-4)Histology of Gynandropsis gynandraMidrib of LeafThe transverse section of midrib of Gynandropsis gynandra Linn comprises of the epidermis, cortex, endodermis and vascular bundles. (fig.13)Upper epidermisComprises of brake drum shaped cells which are closely packed, devoid of chloroplast and possess glandular trichomes.CortexBelow the epidermis layers of cortical cells are present which are do up of polygonal parenchymatous cells.EndodermisEndodermis is made up of rectangular barrel shaped cells with cas parian thickheadedenings.PericycleBelow the endodermis three layered pericycle is present which is made up of parenchymatous cells.Vascular BundlesA four to five layered phloem tissue is present that is made up of thinwalled phloem parenchymatous cells and phloem companion cells.Xylem tissue is made up of xylem elements, xylem parenchyma and xylem companion cells. inflict EpidermisIs made up of polygonal cells which are closely packed together.2.4.2 StemTransverse section of Gynandropsis gynandra Linn stem comprises of epidermis, exodermis, cortex, endodermis and vascular bundles. (fig.14)EpidermisExternal layer with tightly joined cells that are devoid of stomata. This layer is usually termed as rhizodermis. It is also known as epiblema. This layer with cove donut trichomes dries and its place is taken by typical alternate boundary tissue called exodermis having glandular trichomes.ExodermisThis layer is present below the epidermis and is often regarded as a protective layer. Th e walls of the cells become suberized.Eames, in 1947, regarded this as hypodermis Foster and Guttenberg, in 1943, gave it the name exodermis because of the presence of suberin in its walls. The suberin lamella develop on the inner side of the primary wall. They differ from cork cells since they consume protoplasmic contents.CortexThe cortex is comparatively simple in histology and is generally composed of thin walled cells with lots of intercellular spaces. The cells are arranged in concentric layers with cells in each layer alternating with others.EndodermisIt is a distinct layer of cells differentiated from the innermost layer of cortex. The layer is uniseriate, made up of barrel shaped cells. Casparian strips are present radially.PericycleBelow the endodermis, a few layers of parenchymatous cells are present which make up the pericycle.Vascular BundlesThe stem exhibits secondary growth, hence a complete ring of cambium is formed. A distinct secondary phloem is visible on the out er side. There is outer fascicular cambium which is made of parenchymatous cells. The phloem consists of phloem fibres, sieve tubes and companion cells. The secondary xylem shows distinct vessels and forms a continuous band interrupted here and there by narrow rays which are uniseriate.The secondary xylem constitutes a large portion of the bundles it is present on the inner side and consists of vessels with simple perforated tracheids with a few simple pits on radial walls and some xylem parenchyma.PithThin walled or thick walled cells filled with tannin and crystals of gypsum constitute the small pith.StomataAnisocytic or cruciferous (unequal) type of stomata which occurs in Capparadaceae family. The stoma is usually surrounded by three or four subsidiary cells, one of which is markedly smaller than the others. (fig.15)Physico Chemical Evaluation of Crude DrugsExtractive ValuesExtractive values are useful for evaluation of cancel drugs and give an root about the nature of chemica l constituents present in them. The amount of take awayive a drug yields to a given solvent is often an approximate measure of a certain constituent or group of related to constituents the drug contains. In some cases the amount of a certain constituent or group of related constituents the drug contains, in some cases the amount of drug soluble in a given solvent is an index of its purity. The solvent used for extraction should be in a position to dissolve quantities of substances desired.Determination of Alcohol Soluble Extractive5 g of macerated and air-dried coarse powder of drug was mixed with 100 ml of 95% alcohol in a closed flask and kept for 24 hours, shaking frequently during the first 6 hours and then allowed to stand for 18 hours. Thereafter, it was filtered rapidly taking precautions against loss of the solvent. About 25 ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tared, flat-bottomed shallow dish, dried at 105o C and weighed. The percentage of alcohol-soluble e xtractive was calculated with reference to the air-dried drug.Determination of Water Soluble ExtractiveProceeded as directed for the determination of alcohol soluble extractive, using trichloromethane water I.P. as a solvent.Determination of chloroform Soluble ExtractiveProceeded as directed for the determination of alcohol soluble extractive, using chloroform as solvent.Determination of Petroleum Ether Soluble ExtractiveProceeded as directed for the determination of alcohol soluble extractive, using petroleum ether as a solvent. (Table 6)Loss On DryingAbout 5 g of powder was accurately weighed, placed in a petri-dish and dried in hot-air oven at 110 C for four hours. later cooling, it was placed in a desiccator. The loss in pack was recorded. This was repeated till constant weight was obtained and % Loss on Drying was calculated with reference to the air-dried drug. (Table 7)Determination of Ash ValuesAsh values are helpful in determining the quality and purity of crude drugs in powdered form. Ashing involves an oxidation of the components of the product. The total change usually consists of inorganic radicals like carbonates, phosphates, silicates and silica of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. A high modify value is indicative of contamination, substitution or adulteration.Sometimes, inorganic variables like calcium oxalate, silica, carbonate content of crude drug affects total ash tree values such variables are then removed by treating with back breaker (as they are soluble in hydrochloric sultry) and then pungent-insoluble ash value is determined. Ash insoluble in hydrochloric sour is the residue obtained after extracting the total ash with hydrochloric acid. This acid-insoluble ash value particularly indicates contamination with silicious materials like earth or sand. Water-soluble ash is that part of the total ash content which is soluble in water. It is a good indicator of either previous extraction of water soluble salts in the drug o r incorrect preparation.For the determination of various ash values viz. total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, the shade dried parts of the selected plant materials were powdered and passed through sieve no40 and studies were carried out. The values take off within fairly wide limits and is therefore an important parameter for the purpose of evaluation of crude drugs.Determination of Total AshA flat, thin porcelain melting pot was weighed and ignited. About 2 g of the powdered drug was taken into the crucible. The crucible was incinerated at temperatures not portentous 4500C, until free from carbon.The crucible was cooled in a desiccator and weighed. The surgical process was repeated to get constant weight.The percentage of total ash was calculated with reference to the air dried drug. (Table No.8)Determination of Acid-insoluble AshThe total ash obtained was boiled with 25 ml of 2 M hydrochloric acid for 5mins. The insoluble ash was sedate on an ashless filter paper and washed with hot water. The insoluble ash was transferred to a pre-weighed silica crucible, ignited, cooled, weighed and procedure was repeated to get constant weight. The percentage of Acid-insoluble ash of the crude drug was calculated with reference to the air-dried sample of the crude drug. (Table No.9)Determination of Water-soluble AshThe total ash obtained was boiled in 25 ml chloroform water for five minutes. The insoluble ash was collected on an ashless filter paper and washed with hot water. The insoluble ash was transferred into pre-weighed silica crucible, ignited for 15 minutes at a temperature not exceeding 450o C. The crucible was cooled, weighed and the procedure was repeated to get constant weight .Weight of the insoluble matter was subtracted from the weight of the total ash. The difference of weight was considered as the water-soluble ash. The percentage of water-soluble ash was determined with reference to the air-dried drug. (Table No.10)Fluorescence analysis of the crude drugsMany crude drugs show fluorescence when the sample is exposed to ultraviolet beam of light. Evaluation of crude drugs based on fluorescence in daylight is not much used, as it is usually unreliable due to the weakness of the fluorescence effect. Fluorescence lamps (366 nm) are fitted with suitable filters, which eliminates visible radiation from the lamp and transmits ultraviolet radiation of definite wavelength. Several crude drugs show characteristic fluorescence useful for their evaluation. (Table No.11)Total Solid ContentAbout 5 g of extract was accurately weighed in a petri-dish and kept in a hot-air oven and maintained at 110C for four hours. After cooling, the loss in weight was recorded. This procedure was repeated till constant weight was obtained. (Table No. 12)Total solid content (%) = Loss in weight x 100/WW = Weight of the extract in gramsExtractionMacerationThe powdered materials were extracted with alcohol (95%) by cold maceration method.Weighed qu antity of powdered crude drugs were taken into round bottom flasks with alcohol, in the drug to solvent ratio 13 and kept for maceration for a period of 7 days. Finally the flask was left undisturbed for 12 hrs and then the contents were shaker and filtered through What human race filter paper No.1. The marc was re-extracted with drug solvent ratio of 12. The extracts were combined and turn in a rotary flash evaporator, till free from solvent. The extracts, thus obtained were stored in a refrigerator at 40C until used. (Table No.13)Qualitative Phytochemical ScreeningA spectrum of natural compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, tannis, essential oils and other similar secondary metabolites which exert physiological activity are synthesized in the plant, in addition to the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids utilized by man as food articles.A systematic and complete study of crude drugs should include a thorough investigation of both primary and secondary metabolites derived as a result of plant metabolism. The different qualitative chemical tests are to be performed for establishing profile of a given extract/fraction for its nature of chemical composition.The following tests were carried out on the extracts to detect various phytoconstituents present in them.Detection of AlkaloidsAbout 50 mg of solvent free extract was steamy with little quantity of dilute hydrochloric acid and filtered. The filtrate was tested carefully with various alkaloid tests viz., Mayers Test, Wagners Test, Hagers Test, Dragendroffs TestDetection of CarbohydratesAbout 100mg of the extract was dissolved in 5 ml of distilled water and filtered. The presence of carbohydrates were tested by Molischs Test, Fehlings Test, Barfoeds Test and Benedicts TestDetection of GlycosidesFor detection of glycosides, about 50 mg of extract was hydrolyzed with concentrated hydrochloric acid for 2 hrs on a water bath, filtered and the hydrolysate was subjected to the Glycoside testa viz., Borntragers Test, Legals Test,Detection of SaponinsFoam or Froth TestDetection of Proteins and Amino AcidsAbout 100 mg of extract was dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water and filtered through Whatmann No.1 filter paper and the filtrate was subjected to tests for proteins and amino acids. Viz., Millons Test, Biuret Test, Ninhydrin TestDetection of Phytosterols and triterpenoidsTested by Libermann Burchards and Salkwoski testDetection of Phenolic Compounds and TanninsTested by Ferric chloride test, Gelatin test, Lead acetate test, Alkaline reagents, and Shinoda test or Magnesium Hydrochloric acid diminutionThin Layer ChromatographyThin Layer Chromatography of extracts was done by using standard procedures and is mainly used for the detection of the nature of phytoconstituents present.Thin Layer Chromatography is a very effective technique for the separation of chemical constituents of an extract and for their identification. The history of tender loving care has been reviewed by various authors. A major breakthrough in this field was the commercial availability of convenient precoated habitations in the early 70s Pharmacopoeias are increasingly employing this technique for assessing the quality and purity of compounds of both synthetic and natural origin. TLC profiles real for an extract from a define solvent system and other parameters could be used as a fingerprint in comparative qualitative evaluation of herbal drugs. The trend of evaluation by this method is becoming popular in view of its simplicity and reproducibility.TLC is an important analytical tool in the separation, identification and estimation of different classes of natural products. In this technique, the different components are separated by the differential migration of solute between two degrees a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Here, the principle of separation is adsorption and the stationary phase acts as an adsorbent. Depending on the particular type of stationary phase, its preparation and use with different solvents, separation can be achieved on the basis of partition or a combination of partition and adsorption.Preparation of Plates100 g of Silica gel-G was weighed and made into a homogenous suspension with 200 ml of distilled water to form aslurry. The slurry was poured into a TLC applicator, which was adjusted to 0.25 mm thickness on flat looking glass denture of different dimensions (10 x 2, 10 x 5, 20 x 5, 20 x 10 cm etc.). The coated plates were allowed to dry in air, followed by heating at 100 105o C for 1 hour, cooled and stored in a dry atmosphere to protect from moisture. Before using, the plates were activated by heating at 100o C for 10 minutes.Detection of Steroids / Triterpenoids and their GlycosidesSolvent systems usedethyl acetate wood alcohol Water 81 11 8Ethyl acetate Methanol Water 75 15 10Chloroform Methanol Water 70 30 4Chloroform Methanol Water 64 50 10n-Butanol Acetic acid Water 4 1 5 (upper phase)Benzene Ethyl acetate 90 10, 80 20, 50 50Chloroform Methanol 95 5, 90 10, 80 20Ethyl acetate Methanol 90 10, 80 20, 50 50Spray Reagents1) Vanillin Sulphuric acid (VS) reagentSolution I 5% ethanolic sulphuric acidSolution II 1% ethanolic vanillinThe developed TLC plate was sprayed with 10 ml of solution I, followed forthwith by 5-10 ml of solution II, then heate for 5-10 minutes at 100o C under observation. steroids / triterpenoids and their glycosides give blue, blue violet or pink colored spots.2) Vanillin phosphoric acid (VPA) reagentSolution a 1 gm vanillin dissolved in 100 ml of 50% phosphoric acidSolution b 2 parts 24 % phosphoric acid and 8 parts 2% ethanolic Vanillic acidAfter spraying with either solution a or b, the plate was heated for 10 minutes at 100o C Red Violet colour indicates the presence of steroids / triterpenoids and their glycosides.3) Antimony (III) chloride reagent20% solution of antimony (III) chlorideThe developed TLC plate was sprayed with reagent and then heated for 5-6 minutes at 100o CRed violet color in visible light red violet, blue and green fluorescence in UV at 365 nm indicates the presence of steroids / triterpenoids and their glycosides.4) Anisaldehyde sulphuric acid reagent0.5 ml of anisaldehyde was mixed with 10 ml glacial acetic acid, followed by 85 ml of methanol and 5 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid, in that order. The developed TLC plate was sprayed with reagent, heated at 100o C for 5 10 minutes. steroids / triterpenoids and their glycosides give blue, blue violet or pink coloured spots.Detection of Flavonoids and their GlycosidesSolvent systems usedChloroform Methanol 8020, 7030, 5050Ethyl acetate Methanol Water 81118n- Butanol Acetic acid Water 4 1 5 (upper phase)Ethyl acetate Formic acid Glacial acetic acid water100111127Ethyl acetate Formic acid Glacial acetic acid Ethyl methyl ketone Water 50733010DetectionThe developed TLC plate was observed in visible light and in UV at 365 nm. Flavonoids and their glycosides appear as yellow, dark blue, orange zones / spots. The color gets intensified on motion-picture show of the plates to ammonia vapors.Detection of AlkaloidsSolvent systems usedBenzene Ethyl acetate Diethylamine 631Toluene Ethyl acetate Formic acid 541DetectionDragendorffs reagentThe developed TLC plate was sprayed with reagent and then heated for 5-6 minutes at 1000C, spot will be developed.

Symbolism in Cat in the Rain by Ernest Hemingway Essay -- Ernest Hemin

Symbolism in Cat in the Rain by Ernest Hemingway In his pitiable story Cat in the Rain, Ernest Hemingway uses imagery and subtlety to convey to the reader that the relationship between the American couple is in crisis and is quite understandably dysfunctional. In another(prenominal) words, the reader has to have a symbolic reading of the images. In fact, what seems to be a simple tale of an American couple spend a rainy afternoon inside their hotel room serves as a great metaphor for their relationship. This symbolic imagery, hided behind common objects, gives the story all its significance. This short story contains a great number of striking and literary symbols. In a symbolic reading, the opening paragraph describes the crisis that exists in the marriage of the couple. In other words, the description of the bad weather, of the empty square1(l.10) and of their isolation, reflects this conflict and also sets the negative mood. In fact, since the beginn ing, Ernest Hemingway insists on the isolation of the couple that does not know any of the mass they passed (ll.1-2) and are only two Americans(l.1). Here it is interesting to notice that they are isolated from the outside world but also from each other. There is no communication and they have no contact, they are distant from each other. Then this isolation is accentuated because of the weather, it is raining. The rain is part responsible for the fact that they have to stay in their room. Nevertheless, the rain has a symbolic meaning together with the description of the public garden. It represents as suggests the critic John V. Hagopian the lack of fertility2 (p.230) . This lack is a... ...t the cat, the story would retrogress much of both their colour and clarity. Moreover, Ernest Hemingway has succeeded very well in this story in showing that individualism of the people living with their own problem is in many case the cause of split and despair. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1All further references are to this edition Ernest Hemingway, Cat in the Rain . The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway, ed. Jackson J. Berson (Dwham, North Carolina Duke University Press, 1975). 2 John V. Hagopian, accord in Cat in the Rain, College English, XXIV (December 1962). 3 John V. Hagopian, Symmetry in Cat in the Rain, College English, XXIV (December 1962). 4 John V. Hagopian, Symmetry in Cat in the Rain, College English, XXIV (December 1962).

Alzheimers Disease Health Promotion Case Study :: Alzheimers Disease Essays

Introduction     This section will discuss the impact of Alzheimers unsoundness on racial, cultural, and sexual practice variables, with the focus being on the various approaches to c ar of the ailment. Developmental stages and tasks will be discussed for both the client and the attentiongiver.Gender and Culture     Alzheimers disease and related dementias affect all races, ethnicities and cultures equally. (Anonymous, 1998) Of people over 65 an estimated 6-10% will be affected by some form of dementia. (Hendrie, 1998) It is only in gender where we see slightly more women than men who are affected by this destructive illness. (Lautenschlager et al., 1996) The only controllable risk factor that is known at this acme is cigarette smoking. In a large study in Germany smoking cigarettes doubled the risk of dementia in the older population. (Ott et al., 1998)      Alzheimers disease patients can break through for 3-20 or mo re years. It is not the AD that kills the patient, rather it is diseases of aging and/or inactivity, with pneumonia being the leading cause at 70%. This is followed by heart disease, stroke, and cancer. (Thomas, Starr, & adenosine monophosphate Whalley, 1997) Cultural Differences     Race, culture, religion and ethnicity all play a part in how we care for our elderly. Each family makes decisions based on background, experience, expectations, knowledge base, and economics. Most people would care to be able to care for their aging parent or spouse with as little disruption to lifestyle as possible. Alzheimers Disease, however, is a full condemnation commitment, not just eight hours a day, but "24/7", as the current idiom implies, the patient needs continuous care. Sleep habits are disturbed, wandering is common, medications must be carefully controlled, safety is always important. Home care soon becomes frustrating and exhausting if left to one or dicken s caregivers. When the primary caregiver has his/her own medical needs to see to, is also aged, or is the parent of young children as well, the burden can become overwhelming. In-home care is a possibility as is placement in a live-in facility, but both are expensive alternatives.     In California ethnic minorities make up a large part of our population. In the book Culture and Nursing Care A Pocket Guide, there are characteristics of these groups and generalizations are made nearly how they care for their elderly. (Lipson, 1996) The following table highlights some of these groups that are represented in the Bay Area.American Indian          Status of "elder" begins in middle age.

Essay --

Muhammad was a revolutionary he broke many customary ways and beliefs. Muhammads revolution affected all aspects of life. His peace ended disputes of families, tribes and nations but most importantly with all human nature. To Muhammad religion was a comprehensive concept. It was also a set of dogmas and doctrines unsocial with rituals and ceremonies. Religion was a way of life for Muhammad. He came raise mankind to a higher place of peace and progress.Before the rise of Islam Arabia was a forego wasteland whos once great trading cities have fallen on hard times. Arabia is the last of inhabited lands towards the south, and it is the only country, which produces frankincense, myrrh, cassia, cinnamon, and laudanum. (1) The population was divided into allude tribes and clans that worshiped local gods. In the uninhabitable desert zones a wide variety of Bedouin cultures had developed over the centuries based on camel and goat herding. Towns and agriculture flourished on a limited sca le. Over the peninsula the camel nomads, organized in clans were dominant. Although urban Islam had been pressured by writers of the Muslim civilization, the Bedouin world, in which the religion came, shaped the career of its prophet, his teachings, and the spread of new beliefs. Mecca and Medina were large extensions of the tribal culture of the camel nomads. Their populations were linked to kingship by Bedouin peoples. Bedouin herders occupied most of the habitable portions of Arabia. Farmers and town dwellers carved out small communities in the western and southern parts of the peninsula. distant invasion in the inroads of Bedouins people had all but destroyed the civilization before the birth of Muhammad. Mecca, located in the mountainous regions along ... ... In two his revelations and personal behavior Muhammad joined his followers to be kind and generous to the people including slaves. He forbad the rich to exploit the poor through unrealistic rents or rates on interests f or loans. In his last sermon he states, Remember, one day you will appear before ALLAH and answer for your deeds. So beware, do not astray from the path of righteousness after I am gone. (3)The prophets teachings and the revelations of the Koran soon were incorporated into an extensive body of law. This modulate most aspects of the lives of the Muslim faithful. They lived in a manor that would prepare them for the last judgment which in Islam would determine there fate in eternity a strong but compassionate god with a strict but socially minded body of law set impressive standards for the social interaction between adherence of the new faith.